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Monday, November 15, 2010: Day of Arafat Masjid al Haram

Photographs of 15 November 2010 (9 Dhul Hijjah 1431)

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The school in Sumer

By Maximilian Lormier

At a time when school teachers and the education system has never been so maligned and questioned, it is always interesting to watch this as "them before we" have to transmit their knowledge. Also, there is no better example than the Sumerians, "them" who had the brilliant invention of inventing writing. They invented a single education system, supported by professionals who taught the magic of words through exercises long and exhausting, but who aim to form a class of educated, socially high and would not be enough work. All this talk is in one question: how was the school at the time of Sumer?

Scripture and school :

The two go hand in hand. The great scholar of Mesopotamian texts SNKramer already stressed this point when he wrote in his book History begins at Sumer , "the school is straight out of writing . The earliest evidence of writing we are from the city of Uruk in southern Iraq today, which corresponded to the ancient land of Sumer, and date from about 3200 BC. AD. Sumerian scholars, scribes, then wrote on tablets made of clay with pictograms or ideograms, a simplistic script which was based in a distinctive sign which related to an object or a particular product. The writing was as a support shelf made of clay. Although humble in its beginnings, writing evolved to son for centuries, as did his apprenticeship system. Indeed, All batches of tablets of the oldest of humanity that we have found, some with corresponding lists of words "pictographic" learn by heart. These lists reveal that the scribes who participated in the development of writing, invented a way to simultaneously transmit their knowledge through training and exercises followed, ie school, an organization dedicated to teaching the writing, was born.

The organization of the school :

- Establishment

The school was named "home of the tablets" and it was only the second half of the third millennium, while writing in Mesopotamia was in the process of modernization - is the passage of the cuneiform symbol - we are able to truthfully discern buildings dedicated to education in most Sumerian cities. At Nippur, the religious capital, is an entire neighborhood where lived and worked scribes and students that has been excavated. The classrooms were composed of several rows of benches where bricks could sit for four people. The absence of tables is explained by the fact that students had to work on their knees. Inside this room should be where the shelves were asked virgin clay tablets ready for use, as well as texts to be studied.

- Teachers

teachers then had nothing to envy our university professors. Indeed, many lived their pension as a teacher and devoted their lives to passing on their knowledge and the study during their free time. At the head of the institution was the headteacher, the Ummi - "the father of the school - which was also a teacher. This was assisted in his task by a teacher assistant - "big brother" - surely an alumnus of the school, which role was to monitor the calligraphy of the signs and have them recite. Among teachers, there were also specialists as "the charge of drawing (calligraphy, fine arts?) And" loaded from the Sumerian "(grammar, conjugation?). Supervisors and a very austere "loaded whip" framed the upheavals of the students and ensured discipline in the school.

- Students

The students all seem to have been children from the highest social rank. They were the son of governors, diplomats, housekeepers or rich merchants. The lists of names of students found no mention of any woman, or neither among students in the faculty, which tends to prove that women lacked access to education. The life led students during their learning was rather harsh and restrictive. In classrooms, at dawn, they followed their progress throughout the day until bedtime.

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The pendulum of Mecca (Makkah Clock)

The largest of the pendulum world clock of Mecca, is running from August 11, 2010 (1st Ramadan 1431). The clock has four faces, will replace the Greenwich Meantime (GMT). This will be the Mecca Mean Time (Mean Time to Mecca). The pendulum is at the top of the Tower, 601 meters high. The call to prayer will also be broadcast from this tower, which allow priors to hear at a distance of 7 km.

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According Saudi Gazette, the number of pilgrims the umrah in 2010 has more than doubled.

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Father Antoine Moussalli: last lecture

On "Light 101":
http://lumiere101.com/2010/07/15/la-derniere-conference-du-pere-moussali/

Born in Lebanon in 1921, Father Antoine Moussalli was Director of Vincentian schools in Damascus. He taught Arabic at the University of Algiers from 1980 to 1986 and has published several theological and sociological studies in Arabic. He received the 1998 award from the Academy of Education and Social Studies on the cross and the crescent. He died on 1 st April 2003.

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The Flood ... Mesopotamia: Atrahasis and Utanapishtim, the Mesopotamian Noah. 4 / 4

By Maximilian Lormier

Looking through the flood myths.

The story of the biblical Flood was never really challenged until the discovery of the tablets from Nineveh. Once translated into English by George Smith in the late nineteenth century, the flood of the epic of Gilgamesh drew a great theological upheaval in which the religious authorities did not expect. Given all the issues that arose, the Vatican chose to remain silent. Today the debate seems to have found a way out. Many other stories of the Old Testament are found in the Mesopotamian world as the stories of the Tower of Babel and the mixture of languages, so it is clear that the Flood of Yahweh is a story influenced by the deluges of the god Enlil in the stories and Atrahasis Utanapishtim .

Archaeologists, gnawed by doubt and hoping to find traces of the Flood, rushed to Iraq to find stratigraphies corroborating the statements of various myths. That Leonard Woolley at Ur that met the bottom of a deep trench stratigraphy which showed the traces of a great flood. Then we discovered in other cities Kish, Uruk, Lagash or Shuruppak. Each of archaeologists interpreted differently, but dating concordèrent all around the beginning of the third millennium. However, it is strictly impossible to say that all these tracks all come from the same phenomenon, let alone a flood. How to interpret the

/ the flood (s)?

assumptions regarding the phenomenon of one or more floods can be made today. Archaeological research, topographic and geological field in Iraq today we learned more about what was the country of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia. The name of Mesopotamia, or Mesopotamia - "the land between two rivers" - was given by the Greek historian Polybius to describe this narrow strip of land that runs between and around the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. These rivers, unlike Egypt which is "a gift of the Nile", knew the devastating floods that invaded all farmland and other towns and villages built nearby. Therefore, men learned to domesticate this region, although difficult, the whims of these two rivers by constructing, from the fourth millennium, large canals and dams that allowed cities to obtain water and away from rivers. Unfortunately, large floods occurred regularly and annihilated everything. Also the stories of the flood can be interpreted as the memory of a flood so devastating that it remained in our memories before, over time, as told in the form of myths. One can also see a deluge of stories or Atrahasis Utanapishtim like distant memories where their ancestors saw rivers devastated their homes and crops.

The field observations of precipitation rare but devastating in archaeological layers and in the lives of everyday construction, led some archaeologists to develop another theory, equally credible, that falls due, in time more or less long, large precipitation of rain. Mesopotamian architecture being made based on clay and earth, when the rains were too heavy were absolutely destroying everything.

Today, climate experts and Assyriologists wonder about the possible link between the famous speech of the Flood and the end of the last ice age - Würm glaciation - to -10,000 BC. AD. Thus, the earth gradually warms, the water would rise while the invading Persian Gulf, inexorably destroying human structures. Research in this direction show that the cities of Ur, Uruk and Lagash have been even between the fifth and early third millennium coastal cities, while the sites are now in the middle of the desert. So what is the thesis of global warming - very popular these days - is credible? Perhaps, if we consider that a narrative could be transmitted orally from generation to generation for several millennia, until it finally transcribed on shelf. Nomadic tribes are still being based on oral history to pass on their ancestors. For example, it is as if today we passed off orally why the men who lived there in the Morbihan 4000-5000, years had erected the menhirs of Carnac.



That there were one or more floods, the fact remains that the story of Genesis was very much inspired by both Mesopotamian works, namely the Myth of Atrahasis and the Epic of Gilgamesh. Atrahasis Utanapishtim and Noah are the first in history, at least literary. The similarities are so striking between the various texts that the question of the origin of such an outpouring of stories, similar in different mythologies and religions of the world pose the problem on another debate: the diffusion of Mesopotamian myths in the world and eastern Mediterranean.

Appendices

flood story in Genesis.
God saw the earth and saw corrupt for all flesh had corrupted its ways on earth. God told Noah "For me the end of all flesh is here! For men because the earth is filled with violence, and I will destroy them with the earth (...)
Make yourself an ark of softwood. Me, I am bringing the deluge that is to say the waters on earth, to destroy every creature under heaven breath of life (...)
into the ark, you and with you, your son, your wife and your son women. Of every living thing of all flesh, you introduce a couple in the ark, to keep alive with thee there is a male and a female! (...)
Seven days passed and the flood waters swamped earth. (...)
The rain poured down on the earth for 40 days and 40 nights. (...)
Ark rested on Mount Ararat. (...) It
sent forth a raven which flew to and fro until the waters discover land. Then he sent the dove (...) But the dove found no place to put the paw (...)
(Noah) dropped again the dove from the ark. On the evening she returned to him, and now she had to spout a fresh olive branch! Noah knew that the waters had receded from the earth. He waited another seven days and sent forth the dove did not return to him. Myth
Atrahasis.
Twelve hundred years had not passed
That territory is expanded and the population multiplied.
Like a bull, as the country gave voice
the god-king was bothered by the noise.
"The rumor of humans is now too loud
I can not sleep with this racket! So order that their
come Epidemic (...) And
Enki, reopening the mouth
spoke again to the gods, his brothers
"Why do you want to link me to an oath?
Can I bring my hand against creatures? And that
Deluge you speak,
What's this? I do not know!
Does this happen to me? (...)

Jette low your house, you build a boat!
Turn away from your property,
To save your life!
The boat that you should build (...)
And let loose the flood, The Curse
passed like the war on men!
Nobody saw no one: No
was discernible in this carnage! (...) The roar of the flood

alarmed even the gods. (...) So
Nintu she moaned, her excitement
Exhaling,
And the gods, with it deplored the earth.
got drunk with despair,
The goddess had a thirst for beer (...) It
(Atrahasis) scattered to the four winds, all that was the boat, then served a meal
-sacrificial
To meet the food of the gods, And
he gave them a fumigation Orodes.
breathes in the aroma, the gods around the crowded banquet
like flies!

The Epic of Gilgamesh.
Utanapistim therefore explained to Gilgamesh:
"Gilgamesh, I will tell you a mystery,
I'll tell you a secret of the gods! (...)
It was there that the great god- the desire to cause the Flood. (...)
uruppak O king, son of Ubar-Tutu, Tear down your house
to make you a boat. (...)
The boat that you should make construction equilateral
Will: A
identical width and length. (...)
The next morning, everything I owned, I support:
All I had money,
All I had gold
All I had to specimens of the living beings.
I boarded my family and my entire household,
As large and small animals-wild, and all technicians. (...)
And [Anathema] spent the war as the men.
Nobody saw anyone. (...)
The gods were horrified by the Storm (...)
Six days and seven nights,
squalls, rain-swing, and hurricane flood never ceased to ravage the earth.
the seventh day arrived, Storm, Flood and stoppèrent carnage. (...) It was
Nimush Mount, where the boat landed. (...)
When the seventh day arrived, I took
a dove and let go.
The dove went and returned:
Having seen anything arise where it would returned.
Then I took a swallow and let go:
The swallow went off, then returned:
Having seen anything arise where it was returning.
Then I took a raven and let him go.
The raven went off, but having found the waters receded,
He pecked, he croaked, he snorted, but it came back. (...) And
, down, (I) poured in cymbo the incense burners, cedar and myrtle.
Gods, inhaling the smell,
breathes in the aroma,
crowded like flies around the priest! (...)

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Hamid Zanaz

Zanaz Hamid, philosopher and journalist who has taught at the University of Algiers and worked in several independent Algerian newspapers (Republican Algiers, El Waqt, Le Matin, ...) is atheist. He has just published a pamphlet published by explosive Libertarians. The book won the Grand Prix Neither God nor Master 2009 to last Bookfair.

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Preface of the book by Michel Onfray Hamid Zanaz: excerpt:

" The politically correct our time turns into Islamophobic anyone dares to take just the thought of the Enlightenment philosophers on the subjects of religion, secularism, democracy, reason and philosophy , warns Michel Onfray in Preface. Hence the merit of the word rare Hamid Zanaz. As the author calls a spade a spade and made it clear that any intelligence would say well done loud and clear: Islam is inherently incompatible with Western values that are equal between men and women, the equality between believers and nonbelievers, equality between the sexual lifestyles, equality among peoples, which validates the Declaration of Human Rights that a Muslim can not agree, not circumstantially but structurally because his religion ignores the separation spiritual and temporal, she posed in the text of the Koran itself a fundamental inequality between man and woman, between the believer and the unbeliever, between Muslim and non-Muslim, between the faithful and apostate, between the disciple of Allah and that of another God. "

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The Flood ... Mesopotamia: Atrahasis and Utanapishtim, the Mesopotamian Noah. 3 / 4

By Maximilian Lormier

Utanapishtim, the hope of Gilgamesh.

The king of Uruk is a legend in Mesopotamian literature. He actually existed or not, we're still at the stage of speculation today regarding its existence, but its epic has crossed borders and ages to achieve, since its rediscovery in the nineteenth century AD a new form of eternity it had lost during the last two millennia. The king, half god, half human, faced with the dilemma of the most important of his life. Powerful, strong and respected, Gilgamesh became aware of his own mortality and thus the ephemeral nature of life, when the goddess Ishtar, to whom he had refused, murdered his friend Enkidu. He abandoned his city and then went in search of the only human who knew the secret of eternal life, Utanapishtim - literally "I found my life" - who lived on the edge of the world. After many misadventures, Gilgamesh finally came before the wise old Utanapishtim in which he begged him to reveal the secret of eternal life only reserved for the gods. Although qu'Utanapishtim advised him to surrender, he told how the gods made him immortal.

King City Shuruppak he was warned by Ea, Enki's Akkadian name, thanks to a hidden message in a reed, an impending flood that would destroy all mankind. In this message Ea Utanapishtim ordered to surrender his house and build a boat - a cube-shaped - and enclose it with his wife and one specimen of each species alive. The boat was completed in seven days and as we had ordered, he shut himself up, taking with him his wealth, his family, animals and finally all the craftsmen of all trades. The storm then went up and rain began to fall. The cataclysm lasted six days and seven nights and was so violent that it terrified the gods themselves. The old Utanapishtim then told that all men were reverted clay - their source material - and silence prevailed. The boat landed on Mt Nimush (probably in the Zagros mountain range) and sent forth a dove Utanapishtim returned, then a swallow which eventually return it too, and finally a raven, he does not return. He opened the doors of the boat and scattered the animals. He offered an offering to the gods turned around like hungry flies. The gods then decided never to destroy humanity and offered to former Shuruppak King, and his wife, eternal life. In exchange, he would leave the world inhabited by men.

Gilgamesh will not get the secret of eternal life and finally returned to Uruk. However his journey was not provided uninformative. His travels brought him wisdom, and the text says that it is a good shepherd he returned to Uruk he would make a huge and beautiful city.

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The Flood ... Mesopotamia: Atrahasis and Utanapishtim, the Mesopotamian Noah. 2 / 4


By Maximilian Lormier

Atrahasis, the favorite of Enki.

Atrahasis The myth tells the story of the creation of man and how many times the gods wanted to make it disappear. The genesis of man against the backdrop of revolution begins. In the beginning, the gods were multiple and consisted of two social groups: the powerful who ruled, remaining idle and consumers, and workers who produce food for the powerful. However, after some time, perhaps several thousand years, this order was no longer suitable and the minor gods revolted, destroyed their tools of labor, and besieged powerful in their fortress. The powerful gods, trapped, were forced to meet, hold a council of crisis and take the necessary decisions. The ideals of the revolution triumphed, and it was now accepted that the gods were now all free and equal. Unfortunately now arose the problem of food production need to produce to feed the people of gods, more numerous, gluttonous, voracious. The god Enki, the smartest and wisest, had the brilliant idea of creating a race of inferior beings made of clay and blood of gods and would have the same appearance their creators. These beings would not have the luxury to revolt, because Enki had the idea to introduce them in mortality: the man (awilum) was born.

man, mortal, had no time to revolt forever as did the ancient gods. Also satisfied, the gods went to work on the land, and harvest after harvest, they fueled their creators. Unfortunately, like all creation, man included defects that became quickly unbearable for the gods and their supreme leader, Enlil. Indeed, the Sumerian royal lists found in soil hot archaeological excavations in Iraq revealed that the first kings of those lists had long lives of hundreds of thousands of years. The men were multiplying rapidly and despite the mortality, they created a huge deafening uproar that the gods decided to stop.

Twice Enlil sent the great evils of the human race in order to destroy it: a terrible epidemic first and then later in a second attempt, a devastating drought. Men would be lost if Enki had not intervened. To save his creation, without hurting the other gods, Atrahasis he went, literally "the great sage" he made his devout and through his word. To stop the epidemic, Enki said to offer the Namtar Enlil, a hypostasis of fate. Enlil was flattered and then once satisfied, he hung his wrath. The men were rescued from the drought by Enki who intervened directly, since he was the god of water.

Nobody knows how much time passed before Enlil resumed his murderous desires. This time, he would once and for all end the uproar on earth by drowning in a giant flood. He did endorse the decision by the council of the gods Enki which belonged, not to suffer any challenge. Helpless and bound by his oath, not yet Enki gave up and went to find again Atrahasis who ordered through a hidden message, build the biggest secret in a sealed vessel and s 'lock up during the flood. Atrahasis complied and took with him his wealth, wild and domestic animals and many birds. Finally, Enlil's flood and rained all mankind was covered by water. The disaster was such that the gods themselves were horrified at the disaster. The cost to pay for this massacre was extremely heavy because the gods Enlil, in his great foresight, had not anticipated that the gods were nourished by men, not counting the remorse and hunger gnawed them soon enough. Atrahasis landed, went out and offered with a fumigation gods who ran around "like flies". The gods decided in meeting some measures to avoid future overcrowding of men. They introduced infertility, infant mortality and priestesses who are prohibited from giving birth.

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The Flood ... Mesopotamia: Atrahasis and Utanapishtim, the Mesopotamian Noah. 1 / 4

By Maximilian Lormier

The story of the Flood is a common myth in many cultures around the globe. The most famous of them, that of Genesis, is passed down to posterity through the Bible. This dramatic episode tells how God usa a cataclysmic flood to wash the land of the impurity of his creation: man. However God decided to reward the loyalty of his brave Noah, the investor. He ordered him to build an ark that meet specific criteria, and enclose it with his family and with a couple of each species. The ark would safeguard all species created by God terre pour un nouveau Commencement. Cependant, les découvertes archéologiques du XIXe siècle en Mésopotamie, et le déchiffrement des tablettes cunéiformes jetèrent un trouble dans l’étude des écrits bibliques. En effet, ils existaient des récits du Déluge très comparables à celui de la Bible, mais beaucoup plus anciens. Souvenirs ou fictions, voici les histoires, celles d’Atrahasis et d’Utanapishtim, les « Noé mésopotamiens ».

Deux mythes, mais quelles époques ?

Stories Atrahasis Utanapishtim and reached us by means of two major literary works of the Old East, the Myth of Atrahasis or the Supersage for the first and the Epic of Gilgamesh respectively. Shelves Myth Atrahasis back at least to the seventeenth century BCE, while we narrating the Epic of Gilgamesh were found in the rich library of the great Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in Nineveh, which had ruled the mid-seventh century BC. AD. No doubt these two works are remarkable for their beauty and for the strength of the message they conveyed, are much older ages for periods dating from the shelves. About Gilgamesh, traces the story are lost to the very origins of writing, since we found tablets telling the epic written in the Sumerian language. Moreover, these myths trace the foundations of the origins of the creation of man and of peoples of Mesopotamia, the Sumerian traditions (south) and Akkadian (north) is meeting and mixing to give birth to fabulous stories which Atrahasis and witnesses were Utanapishtim privileged. It is likely then that these myths are first transmitted from generation to generation orally, before the emergence of writing around 3200 BC. AD.

(To be continued)

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Izis Exhibition at City Hall: if Paris

By Geraldine Piriou *

Some dreams are priceless, the City of Paris has including by offering free exhibition "Izis, Paris dreams" until 29 May at the Town Hall. This is not a retrospective dedicated to the Egyptian goddess almost namesake, but Bidermanas Izrael, a photographer with a modest sensitivity exacerbated dream, and refused to name the artist. If recognized by the profession as one of the most talented photographers humanist, his name remains unknown to the general public. Yet, since 1951, the MoMA in New York selects with Cartier-Bresson, Doisneau, Brassai and Ronis for the exhibition "Five French Photographers." 30 years after his death, Armelle Canitrot and his son, Manuel Bidermanas, himself a photographer, decided by this retrospective, making Izis to what he comes back and invite us to follow in the footsteps of this young Litvak, who decided to escape the misery of his country to join the "Paris of Dreams", home of intellectuals and the Impressionists.

Some dreams give birth in a nightmare. Born in Marijampole in 1911, he was only nineteen when he left his native Lithuania, then under Russian control, to escape anti-Semitic persecution. Arriving in Paris in 1930, is a France devastated by the Great Depression that hosts them. After three years of hard and doing it themselves entrusted with managing a photography studio in the 13 th district. But the war comes and he must flee again, leaving Paris to the Limousin. Immigrant, exile: the stateless this feeling will continue throughout his work, visible watermark on some shots. As a "no man's land of identity.

In the shadow and the horror of war, nonconformist artist is revealed. He looks at the guerrillas landed with admiration: "That guys who fought so that thou art hid like a rat. . Of these heroes of the war, he made portraits, unconventional. While they come to his studio clean-shaven, he asked them to return a few days later, shaggy and unkempt, as if out of the bush. Realistic and poignant, these photographs of great sincerity move us another half-century later. It's the magic of Izis. We guess the ideal of freedom which sucks the photographer and his willingness to break with the norms and conventions of traditional photography.

Intuitive he "pressed the trigger, when [It is] in harmony with what [he] sees " . Reporter for 20 years in Paris Match, he did not abandon his personal introspection, repeated on negatives. Unlike a Robert Capa, seeking the closest image of reality, objectivity of the objective, he modestly leaves imprinted on the film's vulnerability. Strafing against the tide, this passion for painting allegorical rather a reinterpretation of "Her" reality the faithful witness. Outside standard to reverse shot, it captures the essential but not the essence of a moment, his roughness.

Sometimes poetry rhymes with dream. The nightmare of war is followed by the "Paris of Poets." Prévert nicknamed " the peddler of images . Friend of the artist, their Izis draws the portrait: Aragon, Eluard and Breton yet. As a snub to the painful memories, his photographs are full of tenderness and lyricism, whether as subjects of study children, workers, homeless or in love.

Other destinations will follow including London and Israel. It is the sight of a man, an immigrant of Jewish descent, seeking to reinvent an identity, which arises in the Holy Land. This trip comes a series of original images as all illustrations of biblical stories.

often rubs the eternal dream. His friend, Willy Ronis said "Izis the photo has its own music, simple, smooth and delicate, who hide under his popular tunes Disquiet some notes of requiem. . Such as his portraits zoo animals, half dead half alive, caged in the prison of a universe designed to make men dream. Izis also invites us to rediscover the circus and his imagination as a metaphor for the irony of life.

Eternal, infinite, inexhaustible work of his originality is also an astonishing modernity. A complex work, here divided into 9 chapters, "The Birth of an Artist" in 1944 with portraits of unadorned resistant to the World of Chagall in 1969, He was the only journalist accepted by the painter; through the "tout Paris". The exhibition takes us through these some 270 shots, in the heart of a sensible universe, melancholic, elegant and timeless as the Paris of the films in black and white, of "Children of Paradise" and the same Arletty . A Paris immortal mysterious. The visitor leaves by swinging discreet poetry of the artist, as these two women in the gondola of a funfair.

* After studying International Economics and Journalism at Dauphine, Geraldine Piriou his first steps into advertising in the world of women's ready-to-wear. In 2008, she changed direction, heading for India. On his return, it targets journalism. Radio first, then web and print media, including the New Economist. Then follow the TV with news channel i> TELE, and finally to the report.

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Tales ... The tower of Babel, between myth and reality. (II)

By Maximilian Lormier

How Etemenanki became the tower of Babel.

Many passages in the Bible were written Babylon. Anxious not to lose their ideological foundation, religious and cultural Jewish scholars have collected what is most often transmitted by the oral route to transcribe, like that of the Mesopotamian civilizations, Sumer since, compiling written and archive all kinds of works or treated (scientific and judicial). The writings of certain passages, like the Flood and the lex talionis (eye for eye, tooth for tooth), are imbued with myths and historical facts Mesopotamia. Thus we can say that Babylon and its myths have served as models for literary writings of the Old Testament .

Once entered Babylon, the Jewish people were deported, like many others, impressed by this turn of worship which stood majestically and familiarly the sky. At the top of the ziggurat was a temple high, built of bricks glazed blue, which shone by reflecting sunlight, omnipresent in this region of the globe.

But Babylon was also and above all the capital of a great empire of gigantic proportions. The city was alive with activity and noise. Thus, mingled travelers, merchants and prisoners who had the whole empire and neighboring kingdoms. Babylon was the center where they met all ancient cultures. The idea of mixing the language found in the biblical story has taken root at the foot of the ziggurat tower, which saw an explosion cultural and linguistic diversity at the heart of the city of Nebuchadnezzar II.

must be seen as the etymology of the name of the city of Babylon, the research idea, that before the Babylonian and Mesopotamian civilizations more generally, to achieve their gods. The name of Babylon is from Akkadian Bab- Ilim which, itself, comes from Sumerian Ka-ding-ra and both mean "Gate of God". Babylon, as it was called today, we derived from the Greek who had translated the Akkadian name in Babylon . The name Babel , he does not come from the name of the city, but comes from Hebrew balal meaning "confused", "scramble". The tower of Babel symbolized according to the Bible's vanity and arrogance of the first hero Nimrod and that men as a whole. Before the construction of the tower, the men all spoke the same language, the same as God used to speak to Adam and Eve. The tower was designed for cheeky sacred text, like the ziggurat, to reach the heavens and so to assert equal with God himself. We all know the end of this episode where God confounded the languages to end their business by spreading exaggerated men on earth. Also, as stated in these terms practically the biblical text, this tower was called Babel ( Balal ) because that was where God confounded the languages.

The mixture of languages: an invention Mesopotamia?

As we said, many of the Mesopotamian stories are found in the biblical text. The main feature of the great civilizations of the Tigris and Euphrates was compiled very early, writing, libraries, stories and myths that went back for the most part, the time when men of this region were handed their oral history. Transcribed on clay tablets with cuneiform writings're saying, these stories are preserved, and since the first excavations until today, archaeologists have reached hundreds of thousands. Although we are able to translate, much remains hidden in the soil and the archaeological museum storerooms around the world. Some of these tablets are more or less well preserved, and often leaving only fragments of text to decipher.

epigraphists Thus did they were surprised to find a text where it mentions the god Enki god who fashioned the image of man then created, scattering, so quite similar to the Lord, men on earth. Enki wanted to break and the search for excesses of humanity who ran hopelessly into a new loss, Enlil, the god of gods in Sumerian, which may at any time decide the destruction of men " Enki changed the language in their mouths. Until he had placed them there (foreign languages), the language of humanity was a . .

What deduct?

If the tower of Babel is the tower of the god Marduk ziggurat etymologically speaking, it is really the idea - inconceivable for Jews - that the building was function to reach the divine world. The Marduk ziggurat was the center of attention and charmed travelers of all cultures. In Babylon, and especially around this religious center that managed to religious services, crafts and trade, the Jews were marked by the multitude of cultures and languages converged, as a single being, to this sacred sanctuary where we inquired about the benevolence of Marduk. Some Jews have also been found in the omnipotence of God and monotheism in this latent image of Yahweh. Finally, it is also in Babylon that the writing of the Bible took a decisive turn: the Jewish scholars of Mesopotamian culture impregnated wrote the holy text via myths and customs of Babylonian, while adapting them to their own perception of their religion and their culture.

biblical sources.

Everyone was of one language and few words. As men moved to the East, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and they settled there. They said one to another: "Come! make bricks and bake them in a fire! . And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. They said: Come! build us a city and a tower whose top may reach unto heaven Let us make a name, lest we be scattered all over the earth! .

Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the men had built. And the Lord said: "Here are all one people and spoke one language, and this is the beginning of their business! Now, nothing will be impossible for them. Come on! Descend! And there confuse their language so they may not understand one another. "Yahweh scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of the earth and they stopped building the city. Also named Does it Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of all the inhabitants of the earth and hence it's scattered over the face of the earth.

Genesis XI, 1-9

Glossary:

Old Testament : Gather all the biblical writings predate the life of Jesus.

Enki: Enki was a Sumerian god, brother god Enlil and freshwater, creator of humanity he fashioned from clay and blood. There was no lack of courage and compassion, going several times to help his creation threatened with extermination. His worship was at Eridu, who received the first royalty and civilization.

Enlil : tutelary god of the Sumerian religion in the third millennium before being replaced by Marduk. His worship was held in Nippur, the religious capital of Mesopotamia important. Investigator of the major disasters that befell on men like the famous flood.

Genesis: The Book of Genesis (Greek: "birth," "beginning", "source", "origin", "cause") is the first book of the Torah (Pentateuch), so the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and the Christian Bible. Genesis tells the story of the foundations of humanity on earth by God and history of the Jewish people to Egypt.

Hammurabi : Towards 1792-1750 BC. AD. First great king of Babylon, through his conquests, made the most powerful city Babylon of Mesopotamia. Known for his intelligence and diplomatic tactics, he is the creator of the famous code that bears his name, presentation today at the Louvre.

Herodotus : Toward 485-425. Greek historian, called the "Father of History" by Cicero. Traveler, he traveled empires and interested companies and their stories that he compiled in his book Historiai (Survey).

Kish : City of central Mesopotamia was a great military and political capital of the third millennium. Submit and Kish have meant having power over the region of the ancient land of Sumer. She was also the birthplace of the great Sargon of Akkad, who founded the first empire in the known world.

Marduk God of Babylon Polias, who became the chief god of the Mesopotamian pantheon from the second millennium and whose temple was Esagil ("temple at the top level").

Mithras: God Indo-Iranian. His cult was born in the early second millennium, crossed the Zagros mountains and the Mediterranean to win in Rome as a rival cult of Christianity in the third and fourth centuries AD. Cult based on secret initiation rites and oral, there remains nothing written, but fairly abundant iconography.

Nabopolassar : Toward 625-605. Founder of the New Babylonian empire (Neo-Babylonian) in the late seventh century BC. AD. He put end to the Assyrian empire, seizing Nineveh in 612.

Nebuchadnezzar II: King of Babylon, he succeeded his father Nabopolassar. Both enlightened ruler and warrior, he distinguished himself by developing major operations in Babylon (walls, shrines, temples) and formed a vast empire including Mesopotamia to the Levant. The capture of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple of the Lord smote the king of Babylon to posterity through the echoes of it by the Bible.

Zoroastrianism: Founded by Zarathustra in the first millennium BC. AD religion based on worship of the god Ahura Mazda, which will include the protector of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty.

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Tower of Babel, between myth and reality. (I)

By Maximilian Lormier.

The construction of the tower of Babel is one of the most significant episodes in Genesis. There, God confused the language of men and scattered to the four corners of the earth. The story of the Tower of Babel is still debate among historians, archaeologists and theologians. The brainchild of the Jewish population deported to Babylon the Great from a huge building that really existed, what was the true image of the Tower of Babel?

The story of a real tower.

Tower of Babel, as named in the Genesis, was in fact a landmark building of the Mesopotamian civilization, ie a ziggurat. In Babylon, the ziggurat was dedicated to the worship of the god Marduk . Built in stages, the building was made of adobe (sun dried) covered a wall of bricks are more resistant to the vagaries of time. The ziggurat has its origins in Mesopotamia during the period of the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur (Ur III more commonly known) between the reign of King Ur-Nammu to 2112 BC. AD and the destruction of this empire around 2004. Religious buildings, the ziggurat marked pride and the power of a city and its god Polias.

Babylon is a city that is mentioned for the first time in the writings of the shelves mid-third millennium but who actually becomes a dominant power until the reign of the mighty conqueror and legislator Hammurabi (1792-1750). Thus became the god Marduk, the highest in the hierarchy of the pantheon Mesopotamian city since his dominating all of Mesopotamia. The shrine's god Babylon probably dates from this period because archeology has revealed that the sovereign was the investigator of several huge projects like construction of ziggurats, which we find traces in certain cities, in particular Kish, belonging to his great empire. It was not until the reign later, but so equally rich, from King Nebuchadnezzar II (circa 630-562 BC. AD) for the ziggurat in the city reaches its pedigree and it passes posterity by the biblical writings.

Archaeology of the ziggurat of Babylon.

When the first excavations were conducted by a German mission, that of Robert Koldewey on the presumed site of Babylon in the early twentieth century, archaeologists hoped to discover great riches buried and particularly the Hanging Gardens one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the Tower of Babel described in the Bible. The excavation did not allow to discover the mythical gardens or any building that had looked like the tower of Babel, but assured of wonderful discoveries, such as the Ishtar Gate and the monstrous walls of the city that had enchanted Herodotus.

However, research from the tower of Babel did not remain fruitless. The excavators extricated the footprints in the soil of a large square shaped building that turned out to be, through research, the great ziggurat of the god Marduk. This imposing structure there were only a few brick foundations in the basement, but the ground track is still quite remarkable that one can, with satellite photos, to see very clearly. The tower was destroyed, the sources tell us, by Alexander the Great, who made Babylon the capital of his vast empire, wished to rebuild. The calculations now made from topographical surveys, field measurements and information taken from the shelves and other inscriptions, tend to define the ziggurat as having been a building of 90 square meters on a side, consisting 7-storey terraces built, bringing the building at a height between 66 and 90m. Cyclopean dimensions of the ziggurat made it visible for miles from the city and had to delight and impress visitors and foreigners who traveled to Babylon.

When myth and reality intersect.

The great ziggurat of Babylon was called the Etemenanki, literally " home, the foundation of heaven and earth . It is now considered part of the very famous biblical Tower of Babel. As its name suggests, Etemenanki was a link between the divine and human. This gateway to the scale of a god, used to facilitate the descent of Marduk with men and vice versa. The climax of this supreme god was around the reigns of Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II, and attained such a degree of worship that religion, in those days, had some tendencies monotheists. If this arrangement religion does not finally took root, he left few traces conceptual found later in the cult of Mithra Asia Minor and Rome, or in the Zoroastrian religion . Jews deported to Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem in 597 and the destruction of the temple of Yahweh, were so heavily inspired by the worship of this god Hebrew theology and the writing of the Bible have been strongly marked.

(To be continued)

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Explorer

by Schiffer Liesel.

Their names Ida, Fanny, Alex, Karen, Emily, Rosie and Margaret, are European or American origins but most often preferred bitten by the love of travel and also one of the adventure: geographical, archaeological, ethnological, entomological, loving, sometimes together! All are distinguished by a strong character in the days of crinolines of Queen Victoria and later that same bell caps of the Roaring Twenties, where he did not yet good be an independent woman, zany freedom of movement, freedom at all ... Even though most remain steeped in colonialist principles shared by the majority of their contemporaries, each showing a genuine curiosity about the other, an appreciation the different landscapes, empathy for other cultures and peoples called "native", seen from the "developed" world ...

ago Daisy Bates, Irish orphan mysteriously stranded in Australia who invents an aristocratic past and finds its place among the Aborigines for which she plays the nurses, educators, anthropologists and even judges. And also the famous Alexandra David-Neel in search of spirituality and awareness of Tibet in a legend or Isabelle Eberhardt who gets lost in southern Algeria by force to navigate between the dredge in the souks of the Arab city, ecstasy Sufi mystic or the far less prestigious, alcohol in large doses, to the point of neglecting his talents pen. Not to mention Gertrude Bell, English friend of the Bedouin tribes, Colonel Lawrence and King Faisal of Iraq, the Caribbean Mary Seacole who discovers his talents as a nurse at the Crimean War, Britain and tongue-in-cheek Mary Kingsley who laughs at herself when she entertains the villagers watching the dangerous crossing by canoe rapids Ogooué in Gabon. Or Emily Hahn, an American who did not have cold feet since the 1930s, she became the concubine of the Chinese poet Sinmay Zau refugee in Japan with him, she tasted the pleasure of opium dangerous ... Despite their allure "Mary Poppins", one begins to dream and follow those thirty adventurers of the past throughout the globe, with the motto, that of one of them, Freya Stark, passionate Middle East: "The real vagrant, one whose trips are made for happiness, do not travel to flee but to seek. "

They have conquered the world, the great adventurers 1850-1950. Alexandra Lapierre, Christel Mouchard Arthaud, collection "Classics Illustrated", Paris, 2007.